TryHackMe 9: Putting It All Together — Class Notes

2026-09-27 · class-notes, tryhackme, load-balancer, cdn, waf, web-servers, virtual-hosts, backend

Full class notes for TryHackMe module 9: load balancers, CDNs, databases, WAFs, web server software, virtual hosts, and static vs dynamic content.

Class notes · TryHackMe Pre Security · Module 9

Quick reference: the short version of this lesson lives in the TryHackMe resource sheets. This ties together Modules 6–8 (DNS, HTTP, how websites are built) into the fuller picture of what actually sits behind a busy website — and introduces the web server software itself.

Numbering note: the update block again labelled this "SECTION/UNIT: 6". This transcript explicitly opens by referring back to "the previous modules" (DNS, HTTP, and website structure), which confirms it belongs after those three — filed here as Module 9, continuing the established sequence.

Learning objectives

By the end of these notes you should be able to:

1. Recap, in one flow, how a browser request becomes a rendered page.
2. Explain what a load balancer does and how it chooses a server.
3. Explain what a CDN does and the problem it solves.
4. Explain the role of a database and name a few common ones.
5. Explain what a WAF does and how it filters requests.
6. Explain what web server software does, including root directories and virtual hosts.
7. Distinguish static content from dynamic content, and explain the role of a backend language.

1. The request, recapped

Pulling the earlier modules together: requesting a website means your computer first needs the server's IP address, found via DNS. Your computer then talks to that server using HTTP, a defined set of commands. The web server responds with HTML, JavaScript, CSS, images, and so on, which your browser assembles and displays as the page you see.

That covers the core request/response cycle. A busy, real-world website usually has several more components working alongside it.

2. Load balancers

A single web server eventually runs out of capacity — either the traffic gets too large, or the application needs high availability that one server cannot guarantee alone. A load balancer solves both problems at once:

• Handling high traffic. Requests are spread across multiple servers instead of hitting one.
• Providing failover. If a server stops responding, the load balancer stops sending it traffic.

When a load balancer is in front of a site, it receives the request first, then forwards it to one of the servers behind it, using an algorithm to decide which:

• Round-robin — sends each request to the next server in turn.
• Weighted — checks how busy each server currently is and sends the request to the least busy one.

Load balancers also run periodic health checks against each server behind them. If a server fails to respond, or responds incorrectly, the load balancer stops routing traffic to it until it starts responding properly again.

Load balancer in front of a web tier:

                 +----------------+
  client  ---->  | Load balancer  |
                 | (algorithm +   |
                 |  health check) |
                 +--------+-------+
                          |
        +-----------------+-----------------+
        v                 v                 v
   [ Server 1 ]      [ Server 2 ]      [ Server 3 ]
   (healthy)          (healthy)         (unresponsive,
                                          removed from
                                          rotation)

3. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)

A CDN cuts down traffic hitting a busy website by hosting its static files — JavaScript, CSS, images, video — across thousands of servers worldwide, rather than serving everything from one location.

When a user requests one of those hosted files, the CDN works out the physically nearest server to that user and serves the file from there, instead of potentially routing the request across the world to the original server.

4. Databases

Websites commonly need to store information — user accounts, content, settings — and web servers communicate with databases to store and retrieve that data. Databases range enormously in scale, from a simple plain text file up to complex clusters of multiple servers built for speed and resilience.

Common databases you will encounter include MySQL, MSSQL, MongoDB, Postgres, and others — each with its own particular strengths.

5. Web Application Firewalls (WAFs)

A WAF (Web Application Firewall) sits between an incoming web request and the actual web server. Its job is to protect the server from hacking attempts and denial-of-service attacks by inspecting requests for:

• Common attack techniques.
• Whether the request looks like a real browser rather than an automated bot.
• Excessive request volume, using rate limiting — allowing only a certain number of requests from a given IP address per second.

If a request is judged a likely attack, the WAF drops it — it is never forwarded to the web server at all.

6. Web server software

A web server is the software that listens for incoming connections and uses HTTP to deliver content to clients. Common examples: Apache, Nginx, IIS, and NodeJS.

Files are delivered from the server's configured root directory. Defaults differ by platform:

For example, a request for http://www.example.com/picture.jpg would cause the server to send the file at /var/www/html/picture.jpg from its own local disk (on a Linux server using that default).

6.1 Virtual hosts

A single web server can host multiple websites, each with a different domain name, using virtual hosts. The server software checks the hostname being requested — read from the request's HTTP headers — and matches it against its configured virtual hosts, which are simply text-based configuration files. If a match is found, that site is served; if not, the server falls back to its default website.

Each virtual host can point its root directory at a different location on disk — for example, one.com mapped to /var/www/website_one, and two.com mapped to /var/www/website_two. There is no limit to how many separate websites one server can host this way.

One server, multiple virtual hosts:

   Host: one.com  --> matches virtual host "one.com"
                       --> serves /var/www/website_one

   Host: two.com  --> matches virtual host "two.com"
                       --> serves /var/www/website_two

   Host: (unknown) --> no match --> serves the default website

7. Static vs dynamic content

Static content never changes — common examples are images, JavaScript and CSS, but also includes HTML that stays the same. Static files are served directly from the web server's disk, unmodified.

Dynamic content can change depending on the specific request. A blog's homepage showing its latest posts is dynamic — publish a new post, and the homepage updates. A search page is another example: different search terms produce different results.

The work that produces dynamic output happens on the backend — so called because it happens behind the scenes. You cannot see backend processing by viewing a page's HTML source; the HTML you do see is the result of that backend processing. Everything visible in the browser is the frontend.

8. Scripting and backend languages

Backend languages are what give a website real interactivity, and there is very little limit to what they can do — interacting with databases, calling external services, processing user input, and much more. Common examples: PHP, Python, Ruby, NodeJS, Perl, among many others.

8.1 Worked example — a simple PHP request

Requesting http://example.com/index.php?name=adam, where index.php contains:

<html><body>Hello <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?></body></html>

produces this output sent to the client:

<html><body>Hello adam</body></html>

The query string value (name=adam) is read by the PHP code on the server via $_GET["name"], and the server substitutes that value into the page before sending it. Crucially, the client never sees the PHP code itself — only the final HTML result — because the PHP runs entirely on the backend.

Exam tip: the transcript flags this directly — this kind of interactivity is exactly what opens up security issues in web applications that are not built securely, a thread the course picks up in later modules.

9. Security perspective

This lesson's own text already gestures toward security, so the additions here connect its components more explicitly to attack and defence:

• A WAF is a filter, not a fix. Rate limiting and attack-signature matching stop a lot of unsophisticated traffic, but a WAF is a mitigation layered in front of an application, not a substitute for the application actually validating and sanitising its own input (the HTML injection lesson's point). A vulnerable backend behind a WAF is still vulnerable to anything the WAF's rules do not happen to catch.
• Load balancers and CDNs both widen the attack surface, not just capacity. Every server behind a load balancer, and every edge node in a CDN, is another system that needs configuring and patching consistently — a misconfigured server that differs from its siblings can become the weak point an attacker specifically targets.
• The backend/frontend split is exactly why server-side validation matters. Because a client can never see backend code, an attacker cannot read the PHP (or Python, or Ruby) directly — but they can send whatever input they like to it, and the backend has to assume every input is potentially hostile. This is the same "never trust user input" principle from the previous lesson, now placed against a concrete backend example: the $_GET["name"] value in the PHP snippet above is exactly the kind of unsanitised input that, handled carelessly, leads to HTML injection, SQL injection against a database, or worse.
• Virtual host misconfiguration can expose the wrong site. Because virtual hosts are matched purely by the Host header in the request, and that header is client-supplied, a poorly configured server can sometimes be tricked into serving content from a different virtual host than intended — a real class of misconfiguration worth being aware of once you understand how hostname matching works.
• Databases are frequently the actual target. Web servers, load balancers and CDNs are all layers standing in front of what is often the most valuable asset — the data sitting in the database. Attacks against the frontend and backend application layers are frequently just the path an attacker takes to eventually reach that data.

Summary

• Recap: DNS resolves a name to an IP, HTTP carries the request/response, the server returns HTML/CSS/JS/images/etc., and the browser renders them.
• Load balancers spread traffic across multiple servers (via round-robin or weighted algorithms) and remove unresponsive servers via health checks.
• CDNs host static files (JS, CSS, images, video) across servers worldwide and serve each user from the nearest one.
• Databases store and retrieve site data, from a plain text file up to complex clusters — MySQL, MSSQL, MongoDB, Postgres, and others.
• WAFs sit between the client and the web server, filtering out likely attacks and enforcing rate limiting.
• Web server software (Apache, Nginx, IIS, NodeJS) serves files from a root directory (/var/www/html on Linux, C:\inetpub\wwwroot on Windows); virtual hosts let one server host many domains, matched by the request's Host header.
• Static content never changes and is served as-is; dynamic content is generated by backend processing (PHP, Python, Ruby, NodeJS, Perl, etc.), invisible in the page's HTML source, which is itself the result of that processing — everything visible is the frontend.

Glossary

Review questions

1. Recap, in order, how a browser request becomes a rendered page.
2. What two main problems does a load balancer solve?
3. Describe the round-robin and weighted load-balancing algorithms.
4. What is a health check, and what happens when one fails?
5. What does a CDN host, and how does it decide which server answers a request?
6. Give the range of scale a database can operate at, and name three common databases.
7. Where does a WAF sit, and what three things does it check for?
8. What is rate limiting?
9. What is a web server's root directory, and give the default location on Linux and on Windows.
10. How does a web server decide which virtual host to serve, and what happens if there's no match?
11. Distinguish static content from dynamic content, with an example of each.
12. In the PHP example, why does the client never see the PHP code itself?
13. Scenario: a request arrives with Host: two.com at a server configured with virtual hosts for one.com and two.com. Which site is served?
14. Scenario: an attacker sends 500 requests per second from one IP to a site behind a WAF. What WAF feature is most directly relevant, and what happens to those requests?
15. Scenario: a backend script builds a page directly from a URL parameter with no validation. What kind of problem could this lead to, referencing the previous lesson?

Answer key

1. DNS resolves the domain to an IP; the browser sends an HTTP request; the server responds with HTML/CSS/JS/images/etc.; the browser renders the page. The full request cycle.
2. Handling high traffic by spreading it across multiple servers, and providing failover if a server becomes unresponsive. Capacity and availability.
3. Round-robin sends each request to the next server in turn; weighted checks current load and sends to the least busy server. Two distinct routing strategies.
4. A periodic check that a server is responding correctly; if it fails, the load balancer stops sending it traffic until it responds properly again. Automatic removal from rotation.
5. Static files (JS, CSS, images, video); it works out the physically nearest server to the requesting user and serves from there. Geographic proximity.
6. From a simple plain text file up to complex multi-server clusters; e.g. MySQL, MSSQL, MongoDB, Postgres. Wide range of scale and type.
7. Between the client and the web server; checks for common attack techniques, whether the request looks like a real browser, and excessive request volume. Three inspection categories.
8. Limiting the number of requests allowed from one IP address per second. Volume control.
9. The base folder files are served from; /var/www/html on Linux (Apache/Nginx), C:\inetpub\wwwroot on Windows (IIS). Platform defaults.
10. By matching the requested hostname (from the Host header) against configured virtual hosts; with no match, the default website is served. Header-based routing.
11. Static content never changes and is served as-is (e.g. an image); dynamic content is generated per request by backend processing (e.g. a blog homepage showing the latest posts). Fixed vs generated.
12. Because the PHP runs entirely on the backend/server; only the resulting HTML output is sent to the client. Server-side execution stays hidden.
13. The site configured for two.com, served from its mapped root directory. Header-matched virtual host.
14. Rate limiting; requests beyond the allowed-per-second threshold are dropped before reaching the web server. Volume-based filtering.
15. HTML injection (or a related injection issue) — unsanitised input used directly in output is exactly the vulnerability described in the previous lesson. Same root cause, backend context.